Baltimore City, MD: home risks and climate
FEMA’s National Risk Index rates Baltimore City “Relatively High” for overall risk relative to other US counties, 1st of 24 counties in Maryland by risk score. The hazards rated Relatively High or Very High here are winter weather, heat wave, cold wave, strong wind, tornado and inland flooding, plus 1 more. These are relative ratings, not probabilities.
Baltimore City, MD
- Clean gutters so melting snow drains instead of forming ice dams.
- Check attic insulation and air sealing; warm attics cause ice dams.
- Keep a snow shovel, ice melt and a backup heat plan.
- Look up your FEMA flood zone, and remember that "minimal hazard" zones still flood.
- Raise or move valuables, the furnace and the water heater off a basement floor where you can.
- Test the sump pump and its backup before the wet season.
- Pick the safe room: lowest floor, interior, no windows. Tell everyone in the house.
- Keep shoes, a flashlight and a helmet for each person there.
- Turn on wireless emergency alerts on every phone.
- Trim dead or overhanging branches before storm season.
- Check that gutters, siding and roof edges are fastened tight.
- Tie down or store outdoor furniture, grills and trampolines.
- Use surge protection for electronics; ask an electrician about a whole-home surge protector.
- Keep trees near the house healthy and trimmed.
- Unplug sensitive electronics before a storm if you can.
- Service the AC before the hot season and clear the outdoor unit of debris.
- Change the AC filter; a clogged filter cuts cooling.
- Plan a cool place to go if the power or AC fails.
- Know where the main water shutoff is and that it turns.
- Insulate pipes in unheated crawlspaces, garages and exterior walls.
- Have the heating system checked before winter.
- Fit storm shutters or pre-cut, labeled plywood panels and store the fasteners with them.
- Photograph every room and your roof before the season starts, for your insurance file.
- Know your evacuation zone and where you would go.
- Check your FEMA flood zone at your address; V and coastal A zones carry wave risk.
- Know your evacuation route and zone before a storm is named.
- Keep a flood-insurance policy in force; there is usually a 30-day wait.
- Photograph the roof and siding now, so you have a dated before picture.
- Ask about impact-rated (UL 2218 Class 4) shingles when the roof is replaced.
- Know your policy’s wind and hail deductible in dollars.
- Trim limbs that could fall on the house or the service drop.
- Plan for a multi-day power outage: heat, water, phone charging.
- If you own a generator, know how to run it outdoors safely.
- Strap the water heater to the wall with two straps.
- Secure tall furniture and TVs to studs.
- Know how to shut off gas at the meter, and only do it if you smell gas.
- Clear dead leaves and needles from gutters, the roof and under decks.
- Keep the first 5 feet around the house free of anything that burns (mulch, firewood, plants).
- Cover vents with 1/8-inch metal mesh to keep embers out.
- Watch for new cracks in the ground, tilting trees or fences, and doors that stick.
- Keep gutters and drains directing water away from slopes.
- Know the signs of a debris flow during heavy rain.
Winterize outdoor faucets before ~Nov 21. Typical first 32°F night (50% date) at Md Sci Ctr Baltimore, 2 km away. Last freeze ~Mar 24.
Radon Zone 2: moderate predicted indoor radon. EPA recommends testing every home, whatever the zone.
- This weekBefore the first freeze (~Nov 21): disconnect hoses and drain outdoor faucets.
- This weekBefore the first freeze (~Nov 21): shut off and drain or blow out the sprinkler system.
- This monthPress the test button on every smoke and CO alarm.
- This monthCheck the date on the back of every smoke and CO alarm.
- This monthLook under every sink and around toilets and the water heater for drips.
- This monthClean gutters and downspouts after the leaves are down.
What the records say
Plain-language summary of the numbers below, compared with Maryland and the US.
By FEMA’s hazard scores (0 to 100, the share of US counties scoring lower), winter weather scores 97.8, heat wave scores 99.4 and cold wave scores 96.9 in Baltimore City, and modeled expected annual losses from all hazards come to about $136.3 million a year across 585,581 residents.
There have been 22 federal disaster declarations covering Baltimore City in the OpenFEMA record, close to the Maryland county median of 20 and close to the national county median of 20; 3 came in the last ten years. The most recent was severe winter storm (2026-01-24).
Baltimore City is part of the Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD metropolitan area.
Flood-insurance (NFIP) records list 1,065 claims in Baltimore City, above the Maryland county median of 586, 194 of them in the last ten years. Of claims with a recorded zone, 44% were outside the mapped high-risk flood zone.
Baltimore City sits in climate zone 4A (mixed-humid) in the mixed-humid Building America region and EPA radon zone 2.
At Md Sci Ctr Baltimore (2 km from the county’s center), the typical first 32°F night is around Nov 21 and the last around Mar 24 (50% dates, 1991–2020), which sets when to winterize outdoor faucets.
All 18 hazards
FEMA National Risk Index December 2025. Ratings and scores are relative to other US counties, not probabilities. Expected annual loss is FEMA’s modeled average across buildings, people and agriculture.
| Hazard | Risk rating | Risk score | Expected annual loss | Recorded events | Prepare |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Winter weather | Very High | 97.8 | $943,692 | 184 | Checklist |
| Heat wave | Relatively High | 99.4 | $38.1M | 100 | Checklist |
| Cold wave | Relatively High | 96.9 | $12.3M | 25 | Checklist |
| Strong wind | Relatively High | 96.2 | $2.7M | 309 | Checklist |
| Tornado | Relatively High | 95.4 | $10.0M | 7 | Checklist |
| Inland flooding | Relatively High | 94.3 | $52.4M | 53 | Checklist |
| Lightning | Relatively High | 92.1 | $1.1M | 387,568 | Checklist |
| Earthquake | Relatively Moderate | 93.0 | $6.9M | — | Checklist |
| Hurricane | Relatively Moderate | 92.3 | $9.7M | 24 | Checklist |
| Hail | Relatively Moderate | 88.2 | $1.2M | 154 | Checklist |
| Ice storm | Relatively Moderate | 76.5 | $248,125 | 64 | Checklist |
| Coastal flooding | Relatively Moderate | 64.0 | $559,270 | — | Checklist |
| Landslide | Very Low | 35.6 | $371 | — | Checklist |
| Wildfire | Very Low | 24.0 | $7,783 | — | Checklist |
| Drought | No Rating | 0.0 | $0 | 161 | Checklist |
| Tsunami | Not Applicable | — | — | — | Checklist |
| Volcanic activity | Not Applicable | — | — | — | Checklist |
| Avalanche | Not Applicable | — | — | — | Checklist |
Federal disaster declarations
Each county-level declaration in OpenFEMA DisasterDeclarationsSummaries v2, counted once per disaster number.
| Declared | Event | Type |
|---|---|---|
| 2026-01-24 | Severe winter storm | EM · Winter Storm |
| 2020-03-26 | COVID-19 pandemic | DR · Biological |
| 2020-03-13 | COVID-19 | EM · Biological |
| 2016-03-04 | Severe winter storm and snowstorm | DR · Snowstorm |
| 2012-11-20 | Hurricane Sandy | DR · Hurricane |
| 2012-10-28 | Hurricane Sandy | EM · Hurricane |
| 2012-08-02 | Severe storms and straight-line winds | DR · Severe Storm |
| 2011-09-16 | Hurricane Irene | DR · Hurricane |
| 2011-08-27 | Hurricane Irene | EM · Hurricane |
| 2010-05-06 | Severe winter storms and snowstorms | DR · Snowstorm |
| 2010-02-19 | Severe winter storm and snowstorm | DR · Snowstorm |
| 2005-09-13 | Hurricane Katrina evacuation | EM · Hurricane |
Showing the 12 most recent of 22.
Flood-insurance claims (NFIP)
Claims filed under the National Flood Insurance Program, from FEMA’s NfipClaims v3 dataset (all years on file), by year of loss.
Inside vs outside the mapped high-risk zone
By the rated flood zone recorded on each claim. Claims outside the high-risk zone are a reminder that “minimal hazard” is not “no hazard”. Check your own zone with an address in the Snapshot.
Climate, radon and freeze
This month’s plan for Baltimore City
Region tasks plus this county’s hazard ratings and freeze dates. Add your ZIP and systems on the Home Plan page to subscribe in your calendar.
November9 tasks
- This weekBefore the first freeze (~Nov 21): disconnect hoses and drain outdoor faucets.
Water left in a hose bib can freeze, split the pipe inside the wall, and only leak when you turn it on in spring.
How
Remove hoses, close the indoor shutoff valve for each outdoor faucet if you have one, and open the outside faucet to drain it.
- This weekBefore the first freeze (~Nov 21): shut off and drain or blow out the sprinkler system.
Frozen water cracks backflow preventers and valves, an expensive spring surprise. (Skip if you have no in-ground irrigation.)
How
Close the irrigation shutoff, then drain per the system’s design or book a compressed-air blowout.
- This monthPress the test button on every smoke and CO alarm.
An alarm you have not heard in months may have a dead battery or sensor. NFPA recommends testing smoke alarms at least once a month.
How
Hold the test button until it sounds. Anything silent or chirping: replace the battery, or the whole alarm if it is past its date.
- This monthCheck the date on the back of every smoke and CO alarm.
Smoke alarms wear out: NFPA advises replacing them 10 years after the manufacture date. CO alarms have their own end-of-life date printed on them.
How
Twist each alarm off its base and read the date. Replace any past its life; swap batteries in alarms that take them.
- This monthLook under every sink and around toilets and the water heater for drips.
Slow leaks rot cabinets and subfloors long before they show. Catching one early is a washer, not a floor.
How
Use a flashlight: feel supply lines and the shutoff valves, look for stains, warped cabinet floors or a toilet that rocks.
- This monthClean gutters and downspouts after the leaves are down.
Blocked gutters overflow at the foundation, rot fascia and, in cold climates, help ice dams form.
How
From a stable ladder (with a helper), scoop debris, then flush each downspout with a hose. Extensions should drop water 4 to 6 feet from the house.
- This monthBefore the first freeze (~Nov 21): insulate pipes in the crawlspace, garage and exterior walls.
Pipes in unheated spaces are the ones that freeze. Foam sleeves cost little next to a burst pipe.
How
Fit foam pipe sleeves on exposed lines and seal drafts where pipes pass through outside walls.
- WatchLook in the attic with a flashlight after the first big storm of the season.
Stains on the roof deck, wet insulation or daylight around vents show leaks early, and droppings show pests.
How
Stay on the joists. Look around chimneys, vent pipes and valleys, the places most leaks start.
- WatchStock a power-outage kit: flashlights, batteries, water, a battery radio.
Winter storms bring multi-day outages.
How
Keep it in one bin. Add a phone power bank and a list of medicines that need power or refrigeration.
December2 tasks
- This monthPress the test button on every smoke and CO alarm.
An alarm you have not heard in months may have a dead battery or sensor. NFPA recommends testing smoke alarms at least once a month.
How
Hold the test button until it sounds. Anything silent or chirping: replace the battery, or the whole alarm if it is past its date.
- WatchDegrease the range-hood filter.
Grease-clogged hood filters stop pulling smoke and grease out of the kitchen and can feed a stovetop fire.
How
Pop the metal filter out and soak it in hot water with dish soap and baking soda, or run it through the dishwasher if the maker allows.
Neighbouring counties
Information, not insurance, legal or engineering advice. Ratings describe the county as a whole; your address can differ. Found an error? Send a correction.